Wind Tunnel Experiment: Temperature And Starting Torque Affect PMSG Generator When Connected To Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Blade

Mintra Trongtorkarn; Thanansak Theppaya; Montri Luengchavanon; Shahariar Chowdhry

doi:10.6180/jase.202302_26(2).0006

Wind Tunnel Experiment: Temperature And Starting Torque Affect PMSG Generator When Connected To Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Blade

Mintra Trongtorkarn¹, Thanansak Theppaya², Montri Luengchavanon This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.^3,4, and Shahariar Chowdhry³

¹Energy Technology Program, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
³Wind Energy and Energy Storage Systems Centre (WEESYC), Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
⁴Centre of Excellence in Materials Engineering (CEME), Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand

Received: November 20, 2021
Accepted: February 21, 2022
Publication Date: April 29, 2022

Copyright The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

Download Citation: ||https://doi.org/10.6180/jase.202302_26(2).0006

ABSTRACT

Renewable energy sources are critical to reduce the use of fossil fuels that cause atmospheric Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Wind power can be used to generate electricity as a green energy source. Horizontal Axis Wind turbine (HAWTs) installed in large power plants are complex and costly. Small scale low wind speed turbines can be used in the office, home or farm as a new idea to implement wind energy applications. Vertical Axis Wind turbine (VAWTs) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSGs) can be used on a small scale to resolve starting torque limitations using the skewing magnet technique. VAWT blades were combined with Savonius and Darrieus rotors. Skewing magnets at 0-20 degrees reduced starting torque by 34.66%, temperature in the coils 7-8%, and electrical power 18.18%. The VAWT system cut-in at a wind speed of 1.75 m/s when operated in a wind tunnel with 1-8 m/s wind speed. A VAWT system was successfully developed for a low wind speed turbine.

Keywords: Wind tunnel, Starting torque, PMSG, Temperature, VAWTs, Low speed wind

REFERENCES

[1] J. K. Kaldellis and D. Zafirakis, (2011) “The wind energy (r) evolution: A short review of a long history" Renewable energy 36(7): 1887–1901. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.01.002.
[2] Y. Chen, D. Wu, Y. Yu, and W. Gao, (2021) “An improved theory in the determination of aerodynamic damping for a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)" Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 213: 104619. DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104619.
[3] B. Hand and A. Cashman, (2020) “A review on the historical development of the lift-type vertical axis wind turbine: From onshore to offshore floating application" Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 38: 100646. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2020.100646.
[4] V. Nian, Y. Liu, and S. Zhong, (2019) “Life cycle cost benefit analysis of offshore wind energy under the climatic conditions in Southeast Asia–Setting the bottom-line for deployment" Applied Energy 233: 1003–1014. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.042.
[5] J. Liu, H. Lin, and J. Zhang, (2019) “Review on the technical perspectives and commercial viability of vertical axis wind turbines" Ocean Engineering 182: 608–626. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.086.
[6] C. Lertnuwat and A. Oonsivilai, (2017) “Stability for wind turbine using observer method with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)" Energy Procedia 138: 122–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.076.
[7] B. Ose-Zala, V. Pugachov, and N. Levin. “Start-up torques of permanent magnet synchronous generator with non-overlapping concentrated windings”. In: 2014 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability Conference (PQ). IEEE. 2014, 195–198. DOI: 10.1109/PQ.2014.6866809.
[8] R. Kumar, K. Raahemifar, and A. S. Fung, (2018) “A critical review of vertical axis wind turbines for urban applications" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 89: 281–291. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.033.
[9] C. Kasagepongsarn and M. Suklueng, (2018) “Low cost fabrication of permanent magnet for low speed wind turbine generators using waste motors." Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology 40(6): DOI: 10.14456/sjst-psu.2018.165.
[10] M. Trongtorkarn, T. Theppaya, and M. Luengchavanon. “Relationship between temperature and magnet skew angle in PMSG for low-speed wind applications”. In: 2020 International Conference on Power, Energy and Innovations (ICPEI). IEEE. 2020, 121–124. DOI: 10.1109/ICPEI49860.2020.9431531.
[11] M. Garcia-Gracia, A. Jimenez Romero, J. Herrero Ciudad, and S. Martin Arroyo, (2018) “Cogging torque reduction based on a new pre-slot technique for a small wind generator" Energies 11(11): 3219. DOI: 10.3390/en11113219.
[12] W. Wang, D. Wu, Y. Wang, and Z. Ji. “H-∞ gain scheduling control of PMSG-based wind power conversion system”. In: 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications. IEEE. 2010, 712–717. DOI: 10.1109/ICIEA.2010.5516964.
[13] E. Hamatwi, I. E. Davidson, and M. N. Gitau, (2017) “Rotor speed control of a direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine using phaselag compensators to optimize wind power extraction" Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2017: DOI: 10.1155/2017/6375680.
[14] H. Vansompel, A. Rasekh, A. Hemeida, J. Vierendeels, and P. Sergeant, (2015) “Coupled electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an axial flux PM machine" IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51(11): 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2015.2433392.
[15] T. Hardianto, N. Sakamoto, and N. Harada, (2008) “Three-dimensional flow analysis in a Faraday-type MHD generator" IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 44(4): 1116–1123. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2008.926200.
[16] X. Fu, D. Xu, M. Lin, and X. Li, (2013) “Calculation and analysis of rotor eddy current loss of permanent magnetinductor hybrid excited synchronous generator" IEEE transactions on magnetics 49(5): 2389–2392. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2012.2236824.
[17] Z. Zarkov and B. Demirkov. “Power control of PMSG for wind turbine using maximum torque per ampere strategy”. In: 2017 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA). IEEE. 2017, 292–297. DOI: 10.1109/ELMA.2017.7955451.
[18] A. Dalcalı, E. Kurt, E. Çelik, and N. Öztürk, (2020) “Cogging torque minimization using skewed and separated magnet geometries" Politeknik Dergisi: DOI: 10.2339/politeknik.552273.
[19] A. Barnes and B. Hughes, (2019) “Determining the impact of VAWT farm configurations on power output" Renewable energy 143: 1111–1120. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.084.
[20] D. M. Ngoc, K. Techato, L. D. Niem, N. T. H. Yen, N. V. Dat, M. Luengchavanon, et al., (2021) “A Novel 10 kW Vertical Axis Wind Tree Design: Economic Feasibility Assessment" Sustainability 13(22): 12720. DOI: 10.3390/su132212720.